Sandwich attacks – transaction ordering exploitation

Sandwich attacks – transaction ordering exploitation

Preventing frontrunning strategies requires precise control over how operations are sequenced within blocks. Malicious actors exploit the sequence of blockchain actions to extract maximum value, capitalizing on the predictable placement of trades around a victim’s order. Such manipulation leverages Miner Extractable Value (MEV), where miners or validators reorder pending interactions to capture profit, often at … Read more

Double spending – preventing duplicate transactions

Double spending – preventing duplicate transactions

To effectively counteract the attack aimed at reusing the same funds multiple times, robust validation mechanisms combined with consensus protocols must be implemented. Such strategies ensure that no single unit of value can be fraudulently authorized more than once, maintaining ledger integrity and trustworthiness. The core challenge lies in verifying each request’s uniqueness before inclusion … Read more

API integration – blockchain application interfaces

API integration – blockchain application interfaces

Efficient development hinges on seamless connectivity between distributed ledger systems and external software environments. Leveraging robust programming interfaces enables direct access to node functionalities, transaction processing, and data retrieval without compromising network security. Selecting protocols that support asynchronous communication and standardized data formats significantly reduces latency during cross-platform interactions. Contemporary solutions increasingly adopt modular interaction … Read more