For distributed ledgers requiring high throughput and fairness, the hashgraph protocol offers a robust alternative to traditional blockchain architectures. By structuring transactions within a directed acyclic graph, it enables asynchronous communication and rapid agreement across nodes without relying on proof-of-work mechanisms. The underlying gossip about gossip algorithm efficiently disseminates information, drastically reducing latency while maintaining … Read more

Maximizing transactional throughput requires precise evaluation of system capacity under extreme load conditions. Conducting rigorous assessments reveals the critical breaking point where consensus mechanisms falter and throughput degradation accelerates. For instance, Ethereum’s peak capacity hovers around 15 transactions per second before latency spikes and gas fees surge uncontrollably. Simulating escalating operational stress exposes bottlenecks within … Read more

Preventing frontrunning strategies requires precise control over how operations are sequenced within blocks. Malicious actors exploit the sequence of blockchain actions to extract maximum value, capitalizing on the predictable placement of trades around a victim’s order. Such manipulation leverages Miner Extractable Value (MEV), where miners or validators reorder pending interactions to capture profit, often at … Read more